Ireland collection profile

There is little financial information on Irish businesses and even though incorporated companies must register with the Companies House, it may, in practice, be fairly difficult to trace debtors.

Professional networks may help obtain reputational insights, however a specialized provider is strongly advisable. Allianz Trade allocates each company a grade reflecting its financial health and how it conducts business. The grades represent a core of our knowledge and analyses, and help clients identify and avoid risk. Data is continuously monitored to offer the most up-to-date information to support management decisions.

Liability for business debts is determined by legal structures, which can be described as follows:

• Businesses which do not require a commercial organization may be operated by one private individual registered as a Sole Trader. Two or more individuals may also decide to share ownership and responsibilities through Partnerships (as regulated under the Partnership Act of 1890), in which case the partners may be jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners (while increasing fundraising capacity). Limited Partnerships (as regulated under the Partnership Act of 1907) may alternatively offer limited liability to the partners.
• Incorporated entities may also be relied upon. Private Limited Companies are popular because the shareholders (up to 149) are only liable for the company’s debts in relation to their individual capital contribution, and there is no minimum capital requirement. Larger businesses would rather be set up through Public Limited Companies, for which a minimum capital of EUR 25,000 is required. In this type of company, the shares are tradable and the shareholders are only liable for the value of their share(s), while debts may only be recuperated from the company’s assets.
• Often, foreign investors decide to settle in Ireland through a Branch entity independent from the parent company and capable of doing business in Ireland.

Ireland has a Common Law system in which the courts’ decisions have a law creating impact and bind the lower courts. The country divides into 23 District Courts (competent to deal with minor cases up to EUR 15,000), eight Circuit Courts (competent to hear disputes up to EUR 75,000 and to hear appeal claims brought against decisions rendered by District Courts), and a High Court (competent to hear cases over EUR 75,000 and to decide in second instance against decisions rendered in first instance by the Circuit Courts). The Commercial Court was created in 2004 as a division of the High Court dealing specifically with intellectual property and commercial disputes with a monetary value in excess of EUR 1 million. The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.

Ireland’s late payment legislation is governed by the European Communities (Late Payment in Commercial Transactions) Regulations 2012, which implements the EU Directive on late payments and applies to both public & private sector commercial transactions. 

Costs are calculated as follows:

• Amount of late payment (invoice value) not exceeding EUR 1,000, compensation amount EUR 40
• Amount of late payment (invoice value) exceeding EUR 1,000 but not exceeding EUR 10,000, compensation amount EUR 70
• Amount of late payment (invoice value) exceeding EUR 10,000, compensation amount EUR 100
  
  
  

Retention of Title (RoT) agreements aiming at preserving ownership over goods until the related invoice is paid in full are allowed in Ireland (under Section 91 of the Sale of Goods Act), but are mainly used in relation to insolvency. In addition to these ‘simple’ RoT provisions, ‘all monies’ RoT aiming at preserving ownership over goods until all payable invoices have been paid in full are also admissible. Strict requirements must be fulfilled for a RoT to become enforceable. In particular, it is essential that the goods can be traced, retrieved, and identified distinctly. This means that enlarged forms of RoT aiming at preserving ownership over goods despite a transformation process would not be admitted in court. Similarly, RoT clauses would most likely be inapplicable where the debtor has sold the goods to a buyer who concluded the transaction in good faith. 
Having said this, RoT agreements can be used as a negotiation tool during the pre-legal stage as a means to obtain the return of goods which are still unpaid.

The most common payment methods are as follows:

• Swift bank transfers are most commonly used in Ireland as they are fast, secured, and supported by an increasingly developed banking network internationally and domestically. For export transactions, transfers should be guaranteed through an Export Credit Insurance policy, which helps minimize the risk of sudden or unexpected customer insolvency. Allianz Trade’s worldwide network of risk offices monitors the financial well-being of customers and grants them a specific credit limit up to which clients may trade and claim should something go wrong. 
• Alternatively, Standby Letters of Credit (a bank guarantees the debtor’s credit quality and repayment abilities) constitute reliable guarantees.
• Irrevocable and confirmed Documentary Letters of Credit (a debtor guarantees that a certain amount of money is made available to a beneficiary through a bank once certain terms specifically agreed by the parties have been met) may also be considered.
• Checks tend to provide no guarantee as they entail no liability if they remain unpaid.

Relying on bank guarantees and requesting down payments is therefore common.

Although Irish courts are fairly efficient, amicable settlement opportunities should always be considered as a strong alternative to formal proceedings. Before starting legal proceedings against a debtor, assessment of assets is essential as it allows verification as to whether the debtor is still active and whether recovery chances are best. In addition, it is essential to be aware of the debtor’s solvency status: if insolvency proceedings have been initiated, it often becomes impossible to enforce a debt.

Ordinary legal action generally commences when amicable collection efforts have failed. A claim is filed with the competent court (depending on the amount at stake) and the debtor must be served with a summons within 21 days. If the debt is above EUR 1,270, the debtor must be given 21 days to pay, propose an arrangement or bring a defence. Beyond this time limitation, the law would consider the debtor as being insolvent (outlined within Companies Act 2014), in which case the threat of commencing insolvency proceedings may prove efficient. Failure to do so would furthermore entitle the creditor to request a default judgment from the court. 
If the claim is undisputed, it is alternatively possible to request a fast-track summary judgment (Summary Summons) from the competent court. When the debtor company has assets in other EU Member States, a European Payment Order procedure facilitating the recovery of undisputed debts (under Regulation EC No 1896/2006) may also be triggered. In this case, the demanding party may request a domestic court to issue an Order to Pay which will then be enforceable in all European Union countries (except Denmark) without exequatur proceedings. 
If the claim is disputed, by contrast, a discovery phase takes place to allow the parties to explain and prove their respective arguments before the court renders a decision, but judges in the Commercial Courts may also suspend the proceedings for up to 28 days to allow resolution of the dispute through mediation or arbitration. The courts typically award remedies in the form of compensatory and punitive damages, specific performance, declarations, injunctions, etc.

• Copies of invoices
• Up to date statement(s)
• Clients terms & conditions
• Original power of attorney
   

Business claims must normally be brought to court within six years following the date where the cause of action arose (i.e. when the invoice fell due or when the contract was breached). Beyond this time limit, legal action will be barred.

Precautionary measures may help to preserve the debtor’s interests pending a final decision. Indeed, the courts may order interim measures aiming at protecting assets (attachment orders) or evidence (search orders, however, remain rare). The claimant must demonstrate that it has a strong case, that ordering such measures would prevent the occurrence of irreparable harm and that damages alone would not be sufficient to compensate for such harm. Same-day orders may be obtained in emergency situations if the courts agree to render ex parte decisions (without notice and in the debtor’s absence), but the claimant would be asked to provide security on costs in order to protect the respondent from irresponsible action. Interlocutory injunctions would rather be granted once hearings have taken place.

As previously mentioned, decisions rendered in the first instance may be brought to appeal, on points of law and fact. Decisions rendered in the second instance may also be appealed against before the Supreme Court within 21 days of delivery, but the latter would only focus on legal interpretation matters.

A judgment is enforceable as soon as it becomes final (i.e. when all appeal venues have been exhausted) but enforcement is very often the most critical part of the collection process. If the debtor fails to satisfy the judgment, it is possible to request the District Court to commend execution by way of attachment and sale of the debtor’s assets by the sheriff. This may take quite some time and in many cases the judgement will be returned since the debtor has no goods to seize. The sheriff may however enter into an instalment arrangement with the debtor, which may be best over a reasonable period of time. Similarly, Garnishee Orders allowing the payment of a debt through a third party owing money to the debtor is possible. If the creditor gives evidence that the debtor simply will not pay the debt due, the judge may also grant a Committal Order. Often, the threat of liquidation proceedings tends to increase execution ratios but registering the judgement for publication in the Trade Gazettes is also an effective method of securing payment, especially if the debtor is trading. There is then widespread publicity of the judgement for little cost, but there is also a danger of putting the debtor out of business when alerting his other creditors, as well as a danger of being sued for damages for defamation if publication occurs after the debt has been paid.

Obtaining a decision may take a year, but this timeframe may be doubled if compulsory enforcement is required. Appeal claims brought before the Supreme Court may take an additional three years. Apart for postage matters, disputes involving foreign parties would not be treated differently from disputes involving domestic parties only. No delays should therefore be expected from this point of view.

As a general rule, the successful party may obtain partial compensation for its costs against the defeated party (60 to 70% on average), but legal fees would usually not be recoverable. In addition, the courts would normally take the parties’ behavior into account while awarding compensation, and actions brought before the wrong tribunal may lead to financial sanctions. Court fees could reach EUR 650 (claims up to EUR 15,000) to EUR 2,700 (claims in excess of EUR 75,000). 

Mediation and arbitration (as regulated under the Arbitration Act of 2010) is common in Ireland, and in fact the High Court and the Commercial Court increasingly tend to interrupt litigation proceedings in order to allow a faster settlement of the dispute through ADR methods.

Mediation involves nomination of a mediator who is given responsibility for helping the parties reach a compromise. In other words, the mediator has no authority to decide on the behalf of the parties and they cannot bind the parties with a decision. An agreement is only binding if a settlement agreement is entered into between the parties at the end of the mediation. The mediator acts as a facilitator to settlement and, in debt related disputes, the solicitors would tend to act as such.

Arbitration involves the parties agreeing to rely on an independent and impartial third-party arbitrator, who is given authority to settle their dispute on their behalf. The arbitrators’ decision will be binding on the parties. 
As an out-of-court settlement method, ADR can be cost-effective, generally reduces delays, allows preserving confidentiality and offers a binding decision which may then be enforced before the courts if necessary. When international transactions are involved, international arbitration may also be considered.

Use of foreign forums in order to settle disputes is rather uncommon in Ireland as domestic courts are fairly efficient in rendering timely decisions. Nonetheless, the country is a signatory to the Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations, which stipulates that the parties to a contract may, by mutual agreement, choose the law applicable to the contract, and select the court that will have jurisdiction over disputes.

As previously mentioned, using foreign forums in order to obtain enforceable decisions against domestic debtors is rather unusual. Nonetheless, foreign decisions issued against foreign debtors may be enforced in Ireland, though various circumstances may apply. On one hand, decisions rendered in an EU country would benefit from particularly advantageous enforcement conditions. Apart from EU Payment Orders which are normally enforceable directly in domestic courts, the two main methods of enforcing a EU judgment in Ireland are by the use of a European Enforcement Order (EEO, as provided under Regulation EC No. 805/2004) when the claim is undisputed, or by registering the judgment under the provisions of the Brussels I Recast Regulation (1215/2012).

If the judgment qualifies as an uncontested claim, it can be enforced directly (i.e. without registration) by use of an EEO provided that the debtor has identified assets in the country. A European Small Claims Procedure (as provided by Regulation EC 861/2007) aiming at eliminating intermediate steps may similarly be relied upon while enforcing decisions up to EUR 5,000.

If the claim is disputed, the procedure for registering an EU judgment with domestic courts is relatively simple. The judgment holder must apply to the relevant court for the judgment to be registered and provide the court with, among other documents, an authenticated copy of the judgment, a certified translation and, if interest is claimed, a statement confirming the amount and rate of interest at the date of the application and going forward. Once the judgment has been registered, the judgment can be enforced as if it were issued by domestic courts (according to the Recast Regulation EC 1215/2012, an exequatur procedure is no longer required from January 2015).

On the other hand, judgments rendered in foreign countries outside the EU would be recognized and enforced on a reciprocity basis provided that the issuing country is party to a bilateral or multilateral agreement with Ireland drafted for this purpose. In the absence of reciprocal arrangements, exequatur proceedings would take place before domestic courts. As a general rule, foreign judgments cannot be reviewed on the merits of the case, but the courts would deny admissibility where the foreign decision is neither final nor enforceable in the issuing country, deemed incompatible with Irish public policy or with decisions rendered by Irish courts, if the defendant has not benefited from a due process of law, etc.

Ireland is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, therefore its domestic courts ought to recognize and enforce awards rendered through international arbitration proceedings.

In Ireland, a debtor is deemed insolvent if they are unlikely to make their net worth exceed the accumulated losses (balance sheet test) while meeting their financial obligations within a reasonable period of time (cash flow test). 
The main legislation governing the law of corporate insolvency is contained in the Companies Acts 2014 (as amended), which consolidates previous laws and has been further updated by the Companies (Corporate Governance, Enforcement and Regulatory Provisions) Act 2024. In the case of receivership, the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act 1881 applies. Insolvency proceedings in Ireland are generally handled by the High Court.

There are a variety of insolvency and restructuring solutions available, the main ones of which are:

• Liquidation – an insolvent company can be wound up by the High Court (compulsory liquidation) or by way of a shareholders’ resolution followed by a creditors’ meeting (creditors’ voluntary liquidation).
• Examinership – similar in many respects to the Chapter 11 procedure in the United States and, to a lesser extent, administration in the United Kingdom. The procedure’s main attraction is that a simple majority of only one impaired class of creditor must vote in favour of the scheme in order for it to be approved by the court.
• Statutory schemes of arrangement – although the statutory scheme of arrangement (similar in all material ways to the English scheme of arrangement) is not necessarily an insolvency process, it can be used to facilitate a broad range of possible restructurings and arrangements between a company and its members or creditors. 
• Receivership – whilst this is the usual method for enforcing security, restructurings are regularly implemented using a pre-pack receivership process.

Debt restructuration in Ireland is known as examination. Upon petition of the debtor or of the creditors, an examiner is given responsibility for supervising the company and formulating proposals for its survival while the company directors remain in control of the business. Meanwhile, ongoing enforcement proceedings against the company are stayed for up to 100 days. In order to bind the parties, the proposals must then be accepted by each class of creditor (by a majority in number and value) and must be confirmed by the court (which would verify that no creditor receives less from the arrangement than it would normally receive from liquidation proceedings). The law provides no write-off limitation, which means that there are no minimum guarantees as to how much of the debt could be recovered. Directors also have a statutory duty to consider creditors’ interests when insolvency is likely.

Schemes of Arrangement are also considered under the Companies Act (Section 201), however it is necessary to obtain approval from a majority representing 75% in value of each class of creditor. The court may now confirm a scheme even if not all classes approve, provided the best interests of creditors are protected. This threshold is therefore constraining and the schemes are rarely used.

Liquidation is the terminal process which sees the selling of the assets of the debtor company upon request of the debtor, of the creditor, or by the court directly. Once the petition for liquidation has been admitted by the court, a liquidator communicates a winding up order to the Companies Registration Office and requests all creditors to file their claims with the court.

During the liquidation phase, the liquidator may submit schemes of Arrangement in order to avoid liquidating a viable business. The various classes of creditors and shareholders must approve the proposals which must be confirmed by the court in order to become effective.

Receivership is a less constraining form of proceedings insofar as it only aims at realizing a specific part of the debt on the basis of a Deed of Debenture. A receiver is appointed to a company by either a debenture holder or the court to take control of the assets of a company with a view of ensuring the repayment of the debt owed to the debenture holder. Unlike a liquidator, a receiver would have no duty to realize enough assets to pay other unsecured creditors. Often, once a receiver is appointed and they have realized assets to recover the debt due to their creditor, there is little left and the company usually goes into liquidation.

Priority rules normally apply while distributing the proceeds to the creditors. Secured debts (procedural fees and expenses, charge holders, mortgage and debenture holders) would normally be repaid to creditors prior to preferential creditors (social insurance debts, taxes, employees claims and floating charge holders) and unsecured creditors who may thus never recover their debt. Indeed, there is usually very little (if anything) left to be shared among the unsecured creditors in proportion to their debts.

Creditors protected under a receivable Retention of Title provision would normally be considered as owning a priority right over the other creditors, but it should otherwise be noted that a party going to the trouble and expense of winding up the company gains no priority for its debt.

Insolvency proceedings in Ireland could take up to five years.

Assignment of rights to dividend, copies of invoices, copies of statements.