Saudi Arabia collection profile

Save for companies listed on the stock exchange (Tadawul), financial information on private companies is not publicly available in Saudi Arabia and there are no third-party providers that can give access to such information. Furthermore, record-keeping at Saudi companies is generally poor by international standards and limited reliance should therefore be placed on financial information received from such companies, unless they have been verified by an international accountancy firm as being in accordance with international accounting standards. 

As of 19 January 2023, the new Companies Law became effective, introducing stricter governance and transparency requirements for all Saudi businesses. Under Cabinet Decision No. 678/1443, companies must submit audited financial statements within six months of their year‑end, or face penalties . 

Allianz Trade allocates each company a grade reflecting its financial health and how it conducts business. Grades represent a core of Allianz Trade’ knowledge and analyses, and help clients identify and avoid risk. Data is continuously monitored to offer the most up-to-date information to support management decisions. 

Saudi Arabia is a heavily regulated trade environment where the business’ activity would dictate which structure is to be relied upon. Where one of the parties is a foreign investor, the activity will furthermore influence whether the new business can be 100% foreign-owned under a MISA registration or whether a Saudi partner is required, while some activities on the Negative List are prohibited entirely from foreign investment. 

Subject to the above, corporate structures in Saudi Arabia include the following: 

• Limited Liability Companies (LLCs), where the shareholders' liability is limited to the value of their capital contribution.
• Branch Offices of foreign companies, where the debts of the local entity can be enforced against the foreign company directly.
• General Liability Partnerships (including professional companies), where all partners are jointly and severally liable to third parties.
• Establishments, which are in effect sole traders where the debts of the establishment can be enforced directly against the owner.
  

Saudi Arabia is officially a Sunni Islamic state applying Shariah law; however, since 16 December 2023, its first Civil Transactions Law (the Civil Code) has provided the primary, codified framework for the legal rights and obligations in commercial and other civil dealings. Although inspired by Shariah, this Code now governs contract formation, obligations, torts, property, damages (including loss of profit), and other areas—providing greater clarity and predictability than previously. Only where the Code does not address a matter do general Shariah principles serve as fallback.

Under this legal regime, parties to commercial contracts are bound by their agreed terms unless explicitly prohibited by mandatory provisions or contrary to the Code. The Civil Code also allows recovery of profits in breach-of-contract cases, formalizing a concept previously limited under Shariah.

Under KSA law, the following conditions must be satisfied to recover damages for breach of contract:

• a cause of action must have accrued (i.e. a wrongful act or omission);
• losses must have been suffered (i.e. actual damage); and
• it must be demonstrated that there was a direct causal link between the cause of action and the losses suffered.
  

The Saudi Arabian legal system is built upon Shari’ah Courts acting in first instance, Courts of Cassation and a Supreme Judicial Council. The court system consists of Commercial Court, General Courts, Administrative Courts and Specialized Committees purely organized to deal with certain matters. Generally, disputes of commercial nature are heard by the Commercial Courts unless another judicial committee and/or authority have been granted the jurisdiction to handle a particular dispute. There is no system of judicial precedent in Saudi Arabia, meaning that a court or judicial committee will have no binding authority in respect of another case, although decisions of the higher courts and judicial committees are persuasive. Judges will commonly rely on judicial established principles that are sometimes made available for public.

Court fees payable by the claimant for commercial claims filed from March 2022 are levied at 5% of the claim value subject to a maximum fee of SAR 1M (approx. EUR 250,000). Legal costs may be recovered by the successful party in litigation. There are no rules for the determination of costs. It is entirely within the discretion of the Court as to whether costs should be awarded and, if so, in what amount. 

Unless otherwise agreed, legal and other costs relating to enforcement proceedings are generally not recoverable in Saudi Arabia. Such clauses need to be carefully drafted to be enforceable under Shari'ah law.

Recourse to Retention of Title (RoT) agreements aiming at preserving ownership over goods until the related invoice is paid in full is not recognized and would thus not be effective in protecting creditors' interests.

• Bank transfers are among the most popular payment means for international transactions as they are fast, secured, and supported by an increasingly developed banking network internationally and domestically. Export transactions are usually guaranteed through Export Credit Insurance, which helps minimize the risk of sudden or unexpected customer insolvency. Allianz Trade’s worldwide network of risk offices monitors the financial well-being of customers and grants them a specific credit limit up to which clients may trade and claim should something go wrong. 
• Alternatively, Standby Letters of Credit (a bank guarantees the debtor's credit quality and repayment abilities) are often used in relation to export shipment transactions since they constitute reliable guarantees which can be triggered as a 'payment of last resort' if the client fails to fulfil a contractual commitment.
• Also, recourse to irrevocable and confirmed Documentary Letters of Credit (a debtor guarantees that a certain amount of money is made available to a beneficiary through a bank once certain terms, specifically agreed by the parties, have been met) are increasingly relied upon.
• Checks are commonly used for payment purposes, but unlike other GCC states, post-dated checks are illegal. Also, by contrast with many countries, checks would not be considered as debt recognition titles enforceable in court. Bills of exchange and promissory notes would however be admitted as such.

Overall, it is advisable to negotiate down payments of up to 50% of the amount at stake. About 20% of transactions are furthermore paid in advance. Payment by public entities may suffer important delays of up to one year.

Assuming that there is no genuine dispute concerning the debt, negotiation and follow-up work conducted by local specialists can be an effective means of achieving payment without going to court.

When negotiating discounts in exchange for prompt payment, care should be taken to ensure that such discounts are expressly conditional on timely payment, otherwise the full liability will remain enforceable.

Formal litigation should only be considered once all amicable settlement opportunities have been exhausted. The creditor files a claim with the Commercial Courts, which then invite the parties to a hearing and consider the arguments and evidence before making a decision.

There are no fast-track proceedings for general debts, but where checks have bounced or late payments were secured by a promissory note, a fast-track procedure is available through the Enforcement Law. In this case, creditors can apply directly to the enforcement judge for a remedy without having to file a claim seeking a decision on the merits of the dispute in the Commercial Courts. 

With the goal of increasing transparency and decreasing fraud, Saudi Arabia has leaned towards Electronic Promissory Notes via the Nafith platform. Nafith is a government-backed system for issuance, monitoring and enforcement of digital instruments, including promissory notes. In case of non-payment, the creditor can electronically submit the enforcement claim through the platform. The enforcement authority can freeze assets or impose travel bans if the electronic promissory note was properly executed on the platform.

• Copy of the commercial registration of the creditor and the debtor
• Power of attorney
• Evidence of the contract
• Evidence of the authority of the individuals that signed the contract
• Evidence of the debt (e.g. invoices)
• Correspondence relating to the debt (including demands for payment)

Saudi Arabia’s Commercial Courts law of 2020 introduced a five-year statutory limitation period for bringing commercial claims, effective June 2020. The deadline to file claims arising before that date was May 2025. 

Arbitral tribunals can issue provisional measures if the parties agree to this in their arbitration agreement and courts can provide assistance.

The decision rendered in first instance may be appealed against within 30 days to the Court of Appeal. A further appeal to the Supreme Court is available, however special leave is required for this and ordinary disputes are unlikely to be granted such leave.

Enforcement is governed by the Enforcement Law (Royal Decree M/53), granting enforcement judges the authority to freeze assets, impose travel bans, order disclosure of assets and block services for non-compliant debtors. 

Proceedings in the Board of Grievances take a minimum of 12 months to complete and usually longer, while enforcement ought to be completed within six months.

Having said that, formal proceedings in Saudi Arabia may be time-consuming because several weeks or months may separate each hearing while the courts hardly abide by time management requirements. 
Arbitral tribunals ought to render decisions within a maximum of 18 months, but this time constraint may be extended with the parties' approval.

A creditor can ask the court to order repayment of its costs by the debtor, but the decision to require debtors to pay costs is at the Court’s discretion.

The Saudi Arbitration Law M/34 of 2012, based on the UNCITRAL Model Law, has introduced a strong alternative to ordinary legal proceedings. Arbitration is indeed a more straightforward means of settling a dispute insofar as the parties agree to rely on an independent and impartial third-party arbitrator, who is given authority to settle their dispute on their behalf. As an out-of-court settlement method, arbitration is very cost-effective, generally reduces delays, allows preserving confidentiality and offers a binding decision which may then be enforced before the courts if necessary. Awards issued under the Saudi Arbitration Law are immediately enforceable.

Saudi courts would normally assume that any agreement subject to proceedings before them is governed to Saudi law, regardless of a foreign governing law clause. They will disregard such clauses in most cases. As a result, seeking a decision abroad in order to avoid domestic courts would have no impact.

Since February 2013 (under Royal Decree M/53 of 2012), enforcement proceedings fall under the jurisdiction of the Execution Courts. Although it is theoretically possible to enforce a foreign court judgment in Saudi Arabia, in practice foreign decisions remain difficult to execute in the country. In particular, domestic courts will not enforce any foreign judgment to the extent that it is inconsistent with Shari'ah.

Saudi Arabia is otherwise a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, subject to the reciprocity reservation. As such, foreign arbitral awards obtained in countries that have also signed the New York Convention can be enforced in Saudi Arabia pursuant to the Enforcement Law and a number of regional treaties may also assist with enforcement of foreign arbitral awards obtained in other GCC states. It is also theoretically possible to enforce foreign arbitral awards obtained in countries where no treaty applies, however this will be much more difficult. As for court judgments, the Saudi courts will not enforce any foreign arbitral award to the extent that it is inconsistent with Shari'ah.

The law of Commercial Courts (Royal Decree M93, 2020) replaced the old 1931 law and anchors today’s commercial litigation framework (including summary/payment-order style relief and interim measures).

Since 2018, Saudi Arabia has operated a unified Bankruptcy Law (Royal Decree M/50) administered by the Commercial Courts (re-founded under Royal Decree M/93 (2020)). The key aim of the law is to rescue insolvent companies through re-organisation and financial restructuring. The law provides multiple procedures (Protective Settlement, Financial Restructuring, Liquidation, and small-debtor variants), together with Administrative Liquidation when assets will not cover costs. A debtor is “Distressed” if it has stopped paying a due debt (cash-flow test) and “Bankrupt” if debts consume all assets (balance-sheet test). On filing, the court may impose a moratorium and appoint a trustee (for Financial Restructuring / Liquidation), while debtors can continue operating under supervision and propose plans subject to class voting and court ratification. The priority waterfall in Article 196 puts procedure costs first, then secured in-rem claims, then court-approved post-petition financing, limited employee and family claims, necessary operating costs, other wages, then unsecured creditors, with government dues ranking after unsecured creditors. Commercial enforcement outside insolvency is carried out by Enforcement Courts under the Enforcement Law (2012), not on a “first-come, first-served” basis but via codified attachment and distribution rules. 

Out-of-court workouts may be set up, provided that an agreement allows doing so, but there is no established position concerning what such agreements must say. As noted above, the courts will generally hold commercial parties to the terms of their agreements, unless such terms offend Shari'ah principles. As such, these agreements should be carefully drafted.

Protective Settlement (early debtor‑in‑possession intervention) and Financial reorganization (Reorganization of debt under trustee oversight while maintaining operations) are available procedures to restructure the debt and avoid insolvency. 

Liquidation proceedings may always be commenced by the debtor or by its creditors. A council is appointed by the court and the creditors to list the claims, identify the company's assets, sell them and distribute the proceeds to the creditors.

Priority rules normally apply while distributing the proceeds of a debtor’s assets. Housing debts and employees' claims would be considered as preferential debts superseding other creditors.

Importantly, creditors to whom debt remains due may litigate against the debtor personally for 15 years, until the debt has been paid in full.

• Copy of the commercial registration of the creditor and the debtor
• Power of attorney
• Evidence of the contract
• Evidence of the authority of the individuals that signed the contract
• Evidence of the debt (e.g. invoices)
• Correspondence relating to the debt (including demands for payment)