
Egypt
On the brink of a balance-of-payments and sovereign debt crisis
D4
HIGH RISK for entreprise
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Economic risk
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Business environment risk
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Political risk
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Commercial risk
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Financing risk
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Economic risk
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Business environment risk
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Political risk
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Commercial risk
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Financing risk
Updated in November 2022.
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GDP | USD 404.14 bn (World Ranking 33, World Bank 2021) |
Population | 104,26 mn (World Ranking 14, World Bank 2021) |
Form of state | Presidential Republic |
Head of state | Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (President) |
Next elections | 2024, presidential |

- Large domestic market (104mn population) and a strategic position between Middle Eastern and African markets
- Relatively well-diversified economy – sources of foreign exchange generation include oil and gas, tourism, Suez Canal revenues, workers’ remittances and a manufacturing base
- Generally good international relations, including the GCC countries and international financial institutions

- The difficult and protracted political transition has slowed economic reforms and performance
- Poverty and lack of job prospects, the two underlying reasons behind social discontent and pressures for regime change, have not been tackled effectively
- Strong dependence on tourism, Suez Canal revenues and remittances create external liquidity tensions during global downturns
- High risks of public debt distress and balance-of-payments crisis
- Weak business environment
Trade structure by destination/origin
(% of total, 2021)
Exports | Rank | Imports |
---|---|---|
United States
6.9%
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1 |
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Saudi Arabia
6.8%
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2 |
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India
6.6%
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3 |
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Italy
6.1%
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4 |
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Türkiye
6.1%
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5 |
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Trade structure by product
(% of total, 2021)
Exports | Rank | Imports |
---|---|---|
Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials
21.0%
|
1 |
9.9%
Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials
|
Vegetables and fruits
8.4%
|
2 |
6.6%
Road vehicles
|
Gas, natural and manufactured
8.3%
|
3 |
6.2%
Cereals and cereal preparations
|
Fertilizers other than group 272
5.4%
|
4 |
4.7%
Medicinal and pharmaceutical products
|
Articles of apparel & clothing accessories
4.8%
|
5 |
4.1%
Plastics in primary forms
|
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